para
前缀para- (par-)词源、意思和例词
para
前缀para-来源于拉丁语，前缀para-原是一个希腊介词，它主要与希腊语源的词根相结合，一般构成名词，其基本意思是“beside（旁），near（近）。”，par- 是para-的异体，它只出现在元音字母或h的词根之前。para-与少量的单词相缀合，这时，其意思相当于related to （有关），supplementary to （辅助），subordinate to （副）等。含有前缀para-的单词多是科技术语。除了有“beside”意思外，同时还有大部分前缀所共有的“intensive”的含义。
para- (1)
before vowels, par-, word-forming element meaning "alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular, abnormal," from Greek para- from para (prep.) "beside, near, issuing from, against, contrary to," from PIE *prea, from root *per- (1) "forward, through" (see per). Cognate with Old English for- "off, away." para- (2)
word-forming element meaning "defense, protection against; that which protects from," from Italian para, imperative of parare "to ward off," from Latin parare "make ready" (see pare). 下面重点看一下para- 的主要意思“beside”。 1．在…旁边，和…并肩 paradigm, paragon, paranoia, parabola 2.脱离... paradox, parachute, paralysis, parasol 另外，前缀para-还有一个变形par-[在元音字母前] parody, paroxysm 例词：
1.parody [par n. writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by someone else; weak imitation 讽刺性模仿诗文、戏文；拙劣的模仿
vt. make a parody of 拙劣地模仿；讽刺性地改编 parodist 嘲讽性模仿诗文的作者
ex) At Jim's retirement dinner,his colleagues prasented aparody of his work life.
在吉姆的退休欢送宴上，他的同事上演了一出根据他的职场生涯改编的诙谐剧。 2.paradox [para( =beside, apart from) + dox( =opinion)脱离关于某事物的一般观点]
n. statement that seems to say something opposite to common sense or the truth,but which may contain a truth 白相矛盾的话；悖论
paradoxical 悖论的；矛盾的；似是而非的
ex) Although an apparent paradox, when lighting is reduced in factories,productivity increases.
虽然这看上去很矛盾，不过在工厂减少照明时，生产率却提高了。 3.parasite [para( =beside) +sit( =food,grain)在旁边只减少食物的人]
n. animal or plant living on or in another and getting its food from it;person supported by another and giving him nothing in return 寄生的动植物；寄生虫；食客 parasitic/parasitical 寄生的;寄食的;食客的
ex) He lives like a parasite.他像寄生虫一样活着。 4.parable [para ( =beside) +bl n. simple story designed to teach a morallesson 寓言，比喻
parabolical比喻的；寓肓似的
ex) According to the Bible, Jesus taught his followers with parables.
据<圣经>记载，耶稣用寓言来教导他的信徒。 5.parallelism [par n. the state of never meeting because always at the same distance from each other; similarity 平行；一致，对应；类似
parallel平行的：平行线；相似（物）．可以匹敌的事物；纬线；平行；匹敌，类似
parallelogram 平行四边形
ex) There's distinct parallelism in the personal histories of my best friend and myself.
看看我最亲近的朋友和我自己，我们的过去有着明显的相似之处。 6.paramount [(para( =beside) +mount( =hill,mountain)在山坡、山旁边的]
adj. supreme or superior in power; pre-eminent; chief 拥有最高权力的．最高的,至上的；卓越的；主要的，量重要的
paramountcy 最高权威；至上；卓越
ex)Childhood vaccinations are of paramount importance to prevent terrible diseases.
从小接种疫苗对预防重大疾病至关重要。 7.paragon [para( =beside) +gon( =compare, test, angle)来到旁边成为比较的对象]
n. a model or pattern of perfection or excellence 模范，榜样，典型．典范
ex)Priests are supposed to be paragons of virtue, though that's not always so.
牧师被认为是美德的典范，尽管实际上并不总是如此。 8.paraphrase [para( =beside) +phras( =say)向旁边说]
n. restatement of the meaning of a piece of writing in other words 改写，意译
vt. express in a paraphrase 解释，意译
ex) You should footnote the original source even when you paraphrase a passage
即便是用自己的话来解释某段文章，也应该加上脚注，标明原文出处。 9.paraoxysm [par
ex)A paroxysm of rage overtook her and she began shouting at the students.
她突然发怒了，开始对掌生们高声喊起来。 10.parameter [para( =beside) +meter( =measure)向旁边量]
n. characteristic or determining feature 参数，参变量
ex) The company is always expanding the parameters of its product offerings.
公司经常扩大商品供给的参数。 11.paragraph [para-(beside 旁);graph (=to write 写)→ " a stroke written beside the beginning of a passage 一段文章开头时，在旁边做的记号 " →]
n.a group of sentences that belong together 段落
ex) The first paragraph is the most important in a composition.
文章的第一段是最重要的。 paragraphic adj.分段的 12.paralogism [para-(beside 旁);logism (=reasoning 推论)→" reasoning beside the point 不中肯的推论"→]
n. a piece of false or erroneous reasoning 不合逻辑的推论；谬论
ex) His essay is based on a paralogism. 他的论文是建立在不合逻辑的推论上的。 paralogize v. 作谬误推论 13.paralysis [para-(beside 旁);lysis (=to loosen 松驰)→"(the body)loosening beside （身体）一边松驰无力”→]
n. lessening or loss of the power or sensation in any part of the body 瘫痪；麻痹
ex)The accident left him with paralysis of the legs. 那场事故使他下肢瘫痪了。 paralyse v. 使瘫痪，使麻痹 14.parenthesis [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；en- = in 进；thesis (=put 放)→ " put a word or mark in beside a word 在单词旁边放进一个单词或记号"→]
n. 插入语；圆括号
ex)Don't use too many parenthesis in your article. 在文章中别用太多的插入语。
Please put these two words in parenthesis. 请将这两个词放在圆括号里。 parenthesize v. 将...作插入语；把...放入括号里 15.parish [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；ish (=dwelling 住宅)→ " dwellings near a church 教堂附近的住户 "→]
n. 教区
ex)The minister often makes the rounds of his parish and visits the sick. 牧师经常巡视他的教区并探望病人。 16.parody [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；ody (=song 歌) → " a song or writing beside a serious one 与严肃作品对比的歌曲或文字" →]
n. 模仿滑稽的作品
ex)Parodies and caricatures are the most penetrating of criticisms. 滑稽性模仿与讽刺性漫画是最尖锐的批评。 parodist n.模仿他人作滑稽作品的人 17.parhelion [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；helion(=the sun 太阳) →" a sun beside the sun 太阳旁边的太阳 "→]
n.幻日，假日（日晕上的光轮）
ex) Parhelion is caused by the refraction of sunlight through ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. 幻日是由于阳光通过悬浮在大气中的冰晶所折射而成的。 parhelic adj.幻日的 18.paraprofessional [para- (=subordinate to 附属...的);professional 专业人员 → " subordinate to a professional 从属于专业人员的"→]
n.辅助专职人员的人
ex) In that school,regular teachers together with paraprofessionals (mostly mothers) help the children in reading and writin. 在那所学校里，正规教员与辅助人员（大多数是母亲）一起帮助小孩学文化。 19.paratyphoid [para- (=related to 与... 有关的);typhoid 伤寒 →]
n. a bacterial disease resembling typhoid fever but usually milder 副伤寒
ex)The doctor treated it as paratyphoid fever. 医生将这病当副伤寒处理。
para- (1)
before vowels, par-, word-forming element meaning "alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular, abnormal," from Greek para- from para (prep.) "beside, near, issuing from, against, contrary to," from PIE *prea, from root *per- (1) "forward, through" (see per). Cognate with Old English for- "off, away." para- (2)
word-forming element meaning "defense, protection against; that which protects from," from Italian para, imperative of parare "to ward off," from Latin parare "make ready" (see pare). 下面重点看一下para- 的主要意思“beside”。 1．在…旁边，和…并肩 paradigm, paragon, paranoia, parabola 2.脱离... paradox, parachute, paralysis, parasol 另外，前缀para-还有一个变形par-[在元音字母前] parody, paroxysm 例词：
1.parody [par
vt. make a parody of 拙劣地模仿；讽刺性地改编 parodist 嘲讽性模仿诗文的作者
ex) At Jim's retirement dinner,his colleagues prasented aparody of his work life.
在吉姆的退休欢送宴上，他的同事上演了一出根据他的职场生涯改编的诙谐剧。 2.paradox [para( =beside, apart from) + dox( =opinion)脱离关于某事物的一般观点]
n. statement that seems to say something opposite to common sense or the truth,but which may contain a truth 白相矛盾的话；悖论
paradoxical 悖论的；矛盾的；似是而非的
ex) Although an apparent paradox, when lighting is reduced in factories,productivity increases.
虽然这看上去很矛盾，不过在工厂减少照明时，生产率却提高了。 3.parasite [para( =beside) +sit( =food,grain)在旁边只减少食物的人]
n. animal or plant living on or in another and getting its food from it;person supported by another and giving him nothing in return 寄生的动植物；寄生虫；食客 parasitic/parasitical 寄生的;寄食的;食客的
ex) He lives like a parasite.他像寄生虫一样活着。 4.parable [para ( =beside) +bl
parabolical比喻的；寓肓似的
ex) According to the Bible, Jesus taught his followers with parables.
据<圣经>记载，耶稣用寓言来教导他的信徒。 5.parallelism [par
parallel平行的：平行线；相似（物）．可以匹敌的事物；纬线；平行；匹敌，类似
parallelogram 平行四边形
ex) There's distinct parallelism in the personal histories of my best friend and myself.
看看我最亲近的朋友和我自己，我们的过去有着明显的相似之处。 6.paramount [(para( =beside) +mount( =hill,mountain)在山坡、山旁边的]
adj. supreme or superior in power; pre-eminent; chief 拥有最高权力的．最高的,至上的；卓越的；主要的，量重要的
paramountcy 最高权威；至上；卓越
ex)Childhood vaccinations are of paramount importance to prevent terrible diseases.
从小接种疫苗对预防重大疾病至关重要。 7.paragon [para( =beside) +gon( =compare, test, angle)来到旁边成为比较的对象]
n. a model or pattern of perfection or excellence 模范，榜样，典型．典范
ex)Priests are supposed to be paragons of virtue, though that's not always so.
牧师被认为是美德的典范，尽管实际上并不总是如此。 8.paraphrase [para( =beside) +phras( =say)向旁边说]
n. restatement of the meaning of a piece of writing in other words 改写，意译
vt. express in a paraphrase 解释，意译
ex) You should footnote the original source even when you paraphrase a passage
即便是用自己的话来解释某段文章，也应该加上脚注，标明原文出处。 9.paraoxysm [par
ex)A paroxysm of rage overtook her and she began shouting at the students.
她突然发怒了，开始对掌生们高声喊起来。 10.parameter [para( =beside) +meter( =measure)向旁边量]
n. characteristic or determining feature 参数，参变量
ex) The company is always expanding the parameters of its product offerings.
公司经常扩大商品供给的参数。 11.paragraph [para-(beside 旁);graph (=to write 写)→ " a stroke written beside the beginning of a passage 一段文章开头时，在旁边做的记号 " →]
n.a group of sentences that belong together 段落
ex) The first paragraph is the most important in a composition.
文章的第一段是最重要的。 paragraphic adj.分段的 12.paralogism [para-(beside 旁);logism (=reasoning 推论)→" reasoning beside the point 不中肯的推论"→]
n. a piece of false or erroneous reasoning 不合逻辑的推论；谬论
ex) His essay is based on a paralogism. 他的论文是建立在不合逻辑的推论上的。 paralogize v. 作谬误推论 13.paralysis [para-(beside 旁);lysis (=to loosen 松驰)→"(the body)loosening beside （身体）一边松驰无力”→]
n. lessening or loss of the power or sensation in any part of the body 瘫痪；麻痹
ex)The accident left him with paralysis of the legs. 那场事故使他下肢瘫痪了。 paralyse v. 使瘫痪，使麻痹 14.parenthesis [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；en- = in 进；thesis (=put 放)→ " put a word or mark in beside a word 在单词旁边放进一个单词或记号"→]
n. 插入语；圆括号
ex)Don't use too many parenthesis in your article. 在文章中别用太多的插入语。
Please put these two words in parenthesis. 请将这两个词放在圆括号里。 parenthesize v. 将...作插入语；把...放入括号里 15.parish [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；ish (=dwelling 住宅)→ " dwellings near a church 教堂附近的住户 "→]
n. 教区
ex)The minister often makes the rounds of his parish and visits the sick. 牧师经常巡视他的教区并探望病人。 16.parody [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；ody (=song 歌) → " a song or writing beside a serious one 与严肃作品对比的歌曲或文字" →]
n. 模仿滑稽的作品
ex)Parodies and caricatures are the most penetrating of criticisms. 滑稽性模仿与讽刺性漫画是最尖锐的批评。 parodist n.模仿他人作滑稽作品的人 17.parhelion [par-(para-) = beside 在...旁；helion(=the sun 太阳) →" a sun beside the sun 太阳旁边的太阳 "→]
n.幻日，假日（日晕上的光轮）
ex) Parhelion is caused by the refraction of sunlight through ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. 幻日是由于阳光通过悬浮在大气中的冰晶所折射而成的。 parhelic adj.幻日的 18.paraprofessional [para- (=subordinate to 附属...的);professional 专业人员 → " subordinate to a professional 从属于专业人员的"→]
n.辅助专职人员的人
ex) In that school,regular teachers together with paraprofessionals (mostly mothers) help the children in reading and writin. 在那所学校里，正规教员与辅助人员（大多数是母亲）一起帮助小孩学文化。 19.paratyphoid [para- (=related to 与... 有关的);typhoid 伤寒 →]
n. a bacterial disease resembling typhoid fever but usually milder 副伤寒
ex)The doctor treated it as paratyphoid fever. 医生将这病当副伤寒处理。
